- to be proficient in; to master (a subject)
- more than ten; a dozen or more
- foreign language; CL:門|门[men2]
- foot; leg (of an animal or an object); base (of an object); CL:雙|双[shuang1],隻|只[zhi1]; classifier for kicks
- bookcase
- erudite; profound; learned; extremely knowledgeable
- skillful in; proficient in; adept at
- textual criticism
- everyone; every person
- (after a noun N and before a predicate P) the reason why N P; Example: 我之所以討厭他|我之所以讨厌他[wo3 zhi1 suo3 yi3 tao3 yan4 ta1] "the reason why I dislike him (is ...)"
- to stand out; outstanding
- ability to grasp ideas; understanding
- historical material or data
- to read; reading
- 氏 zhī: 氏 zhi1: used in 月氏[Yue4 zhi1]; used in 閼氏|阏氏[yan1 zhi1]氏 shì: 氏 shi4: (bound form) family name; surname (as in 王氏[Wang2 shi4] "the Wang clan"); (bound form) maiden name; née (as in 李王氏[Li3 Wang2 shi4] "Mrs. Li, née Wang"); (bound form) honorific suffix added to the surname or full name of a notable person, esp. historical or scholarly figures
- to embody; to reflect; to incarnate
- Wei (220-265) and Jin (265-420) dynasties
- Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589)
- Tang dynasty (618–907)
- manuscript; draft; stalk of grain
- to isolate; isolated; unrelated; irrelevant
- essential factor; key constituent
- (in) the same place; together; in company (with); altogether; in total; an instance of; a case of (murder, accident, dispute etc)
- area; district; region
- what is meant by the expression ...; what is referred to as ...; (derog.) so-called
- race; ethnic group
- 胡 Hú: 胡 Hu2: surname Hu胡 hú: 胡 hu2: non-Han people, esp. from central Asia; reckless; outrageous; what?; why?; to complete a winning hand at mahjong (also written 和[hu2])胡 hú: 胡 hu2: used in 衚衕|胡同[hu2 tong4]胡 hú: 胡 hu2: beard; mustache; whiskers
- 汉 Hàn: 汉 Han4: Han ethnic group; Chinese (language); the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)汉 hàn: 汉 han4: man
- to inspect; to observe and study; on-the-spot investigation
- area; region; district
- to accept; to take; next; following
- to sample; to taste; to appreciate; one's taste (i.e. in music, literature, fashion, food and drink etc); good taste
- to have sth to do with; to relate to; related to; to concern; concerning
- inseparable; inevitably linked to
- unit (forming an entity); element; (in a residential building) entrance or staircase
- concept; idea; CL:個|个[ge4]
- to call; to be called
- rising and falling
- (intransitive) to change; to vary; change; variation
- main stream (of a river); fig. the essential point; main viewpoint of a matter; mainstream (culture etc)
- thereupon; subsequently; accordingly
- to rise abruptly (to a towering position); to tower over; to spring up; to emerge suddenly; the emergence (e.g. of a power)
- to fall; to drop; to decline; to deteriorate; to go downhill
- to change; to fluctuate; change; fluctuation