- once; already; former; previously; ever; (past tense marker used before verb or clause)
- oneself; (attributive) one's own
- (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的[de5]); him; her; it
- road; path (CL:條|条[tiao2],股[gu3]); (bound form) way; reason; principle; (bound form) a skill; an art; a specialization; (Daoism) the Way; the Dao; to say (introducing a direct quotation, as in a novel); (bound form) to express; to extend (polite words); classifier for long thin things (rivers, cracks, shadows etc), barriers (walls, doors etc), questions (in an exam etc), commands, courses in a meal, steps in a process; (old) circuit (administrative division)
- author; writer
- 说法 shūo fǎ: 说法 shuo1 fa3: to expound Buddhist teachings说法 shūo fa: 说法 shuo1 fa5: way of speaking; wording; formulation; one's version (of events); statement; theory; hypothesis; interpretation
- if; in case; in the event that
- opportunity; chance; occasion; CL:個|个[ge4]
- to make; to produce; to write; to compose; to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc); (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc); (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for; to assume (an air or manner)
- first; first time; once; (math.) linear (of degree one)
- to express; to articulate; to formulate
- might (happen); possible; probable; possibility; probability; maybe; perhaps; CL:個|个[ge4]
- to admit; to concede; to recognize; recognition (diplomatic, artistic etc); to acknowledge
- to come from (a place); From: (in email header)
- at one's own expense; self-funded
- both; both of them; neither
- to both share the limelight; to both have an equal share of
- to refer to; to speak about; to talk about
- right; correct; towards; at; for; concerning; regarding; to treat (sb a certain way); to face; (bound form) opposite; facing; matching; to match together; to adjust; to fit; to suit; to answer; to reply; to add; to pour in (a fluid); to check; to compare; classifier: couple; pair
- influence; effect; to influence; to affect (usually adversely); to disturb; CL:股[gu3]
- to yield; to permit; to let sb do sth; to have sb do sth; to make sb (feel sad etc); by (indicates the agent in a passive clause, like 被[bei4])
- 从 cóng: 从 cong2: from; through; via; (bound form) to follow; (bound form) to obey; (bound form) to engage in (an activity); (used before a negative) ever; (bound form) (Taiwan pr. [zong4]) retainer; attendant; (bound form) (Taiwan pr. [zong4]) assistant; auxiliary; subordinate; (bound form) (Taiwan pr. [zong4]) related by common paternal grandfather or earlier ancestor从 Cóng: 从 Cong2: surname Cong
- orangutan; (slang) dialect speaker whose speech is corrupted by Standard Mandarin
- to evolve (biologically, technologically etc); evolution
- humanity; human race; mankind
- it can clearly be seen (that this is the case); it is (thus) clear; clear; visible
- idea; concept; philosophy; theory
- to become rigid
- constant; unvarying; (math.) invariant
- stiff; inflexible; mechanical; stubborn; to cut blocks for printing
- obstinate; stubborn; to fixate on; to cling to
- to comprehend; to understand
- 都 dū: 都 du1: capital city; metropolis都 dōu: 都 dou1: all; both; entirely; (used for emphasis) even; already; (not) at all都 Dū: 都 Du1: surname Du
- lit. to be confined within a circle drawn on the ground (idiom); fig. to confine oneself to a restricted range of activities
- to spin a cocoon around oneself (idiom); enmeshed in a trap of one's own devising; hoist by his own petard
- genuine; real; true; really; indeed
- to live; alive; living; work; workmanship
- merit; efficacy; competence; skill; power
- outside; excluding
- there still remain(s); there is (or are) still; in addition
- very; really; unusual; extraordinary
- important; significant; major
- characteristic; diagnostic property; distinctive feature; trait
- extremely important; vital; crucial; essential
- (once) again; also; both... and...; and yet; (used for emphasis) anyway
- to divide sth into (parts); to subdivide