- really; actually; indeed; true; real; honest; dependable; (philosophy) reality
- highest; greatest; too (much); very; extremely
- 大 dà: 大 da4: big; large; great; older (than another person); eldest (as in 大姐[da4 jie3]); greatly; freely; fully; (dialect) father; (dialect) uncle (father's brother)大 dài: 大 dai4: see 大夫[dai4 fu5]
- 了 le: 了 le5: (completed action marker); (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now); (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)了 liǎo: 了 liao3: to finish; (used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4 bu5 liao3] "cannot forget"); (literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least了 liǎo: 了 liao3: (of eyes) bright; clear-sighted; to understand clearly
- indeed; truly; (coll.) (used to express disapproval, annoyance etc)
- 百 Bǎi: 百 Bai3: surname Bai百 bǎi: 百 bai3: hundred; numerous; all kinds of
- 年 nián: 年 nian2: year; CL:個|个[ge4]年 Nián: 年 Nian2: surname Nian年 nián: 年 nian2: grain; harvest (old)
- great changes; ups and downs; vicissitudes; abbr. of 滄海桑田|沧海桑田[cang1 hai3 sang1 tian2]
- hard to explain in a few words (idiom); complicated and not easy to express succinctly
- to experience; to go through; experience (CL:段[duan4],次[ci4])
- (China's) War of Resistance against Japan (1937-1945)
- War of Liberation (1945-49), after which the Communists 共產黨武裝|共产党武装 under Mao Zedong 毛澤東|毛泽东 took over from the Nationalists 國民政府|国民政府 under Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石|蒋介石
- among; in; included among these
- to have; there is; (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意[you3 yi4] intentional)
- Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
- his; her; its; their; that; such; it (refers to sth preceding it)
- to meet with; to encounter (esp. misfortune or hardship); an experience (esp. adverse)
- (idiom) (it) goes without saying; can well be imagined
- to reform and open to the outside world; refers to Deng Xiaoping's policies from around 1980
- country; nation; state
- to happen; to occur; to take place; to break out
- sky and the earth turning upside down (idiom); fig. complete confusion; everything turned on its head
- (intransitive) to change; to vary; change; variation
- Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997), Chinese communist leader, de facto leader of PRC 1978-1990 and creator of "socialism with Chinese characteristics"
- teacher; gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.); husband; (dialect) doctor; CL:位[wei4]
- to raise (an issue); to propose; to put forward; to suggest; to post (on a website); to withdraw (cash)
- 要 yào: 要 yao4: to want; to need; to ask for; will; shall; about to; need to; should; if (same as 要是[yao4 shi5]); (bound form) important要 yāo: 要 yao1: (bound form) to demand; to coerce
- lit. to seek truth from facts (idiom); fig. to be practical and realistic
- right; correct; towards; at; for; concerning; regarding; to treat (sb a certain way); to face; (bound form) opposite; facing; matching; to match together; to adjust; to fit; to suit; to answer; to reply; to add; to pour in (a fluid); to check; to compare; classifier: couple; pair
- history; CL:門|门[men2],段[duan4]
- to evaluate; to assess
- objective; impartial
- many; much; more; a lot of; too many; in excess; (after a numeral) ... odd; how (to what extent) (Taiwan pr. [duo2]); (bound form) multi-; poly-
- 不是 bù shì: 不是 bu4 shi4: no; is not; not不是 bù shi: 不是 bu4 shi5: fault; blame
- research; a study; CL:項|项[xiang4]; to research; to look into
- to believe; to be convinced; to accept as true
- along with; in the wake of; following
- development; growth; to develop; to grow; to expand
- 与 yù: 与 yu4: to take part in与 yǔ: 与 yu3: (formal) and; together with (linking parallel nouns, verbs, or phrases); (formal) with; from (marking the other participant in an interaction, comparison, or contrast, e.g. 與他握手|与他握手[yu3 ta1 wo4 shou3] "shake hands with him", 與去年不同|与去年不同[yu3 qu4 nian2 bu4 tong2] "different from last year"); (literary) to give; to grant; to bestow
- progress; improvement; to improve; to progress
- to comprise; to include; to involve; to incorporate; to consist of
- 会 hùi: 会 hui4: can; to have the skill; to know how to; to be likely to; to be sure to; to meet; to get together; meeting; gathering; (suffix) union; group; association; (bound form) a moment (Taiwan pr. [hui3])会 kuài: 会 kuai4: (bound form) to reckon accounts
- one; single; a (article); as soon as; entire; whole; all; throughout; "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1); also pr. [yao1] for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit
- 个 gè: 个 ge4: (classifier used before a noun that has no specific classifier); (bound form) individual个 gě: 个 ge3: used in 自個兒|自个儿[zi4 ge3 r5]
- to compare; to contrast; comparatively; relatively; quite; comparison
- true; real
- 祖 Zǔ: 祖 Zu3: surname Zu祖 zǔ: 祖 zu3: ancestor; forefather; grandparents