- before; formerly; previous; ago
- branch, esp. grass root branches of a political party
- lit. to shrink back at the sight of (sth daunting) (idiom); fig. to be deterred
- to give classes; to work as a teacher
- to hold a teaching position
- middle and elementary school
- beloved
- (idiom) the people have no way to make a living (from Records of the Grand Historian 史記|史记[Shi3 ji4])
- Gang of Four: Jiang Qing 江青[Jiang1 Qing1], Zhang Chunqiao 張春橋|张春桥[Zhang1 Chun1 qiao2], Yao Wenyuan 姚文元[Yao2 Wen2 yuan2], Wang Hongwen 王洪文[Wang2 Hong2 wen2], who served as scapegoats for the excesses of the cultural revolution
- to crush; to smash; to shatter
- books (in a library or bookstore); CL:本[ben3],冊|册[ce4],部[bu4]
- to lump together; to treat along with all the others
- Arabian; Arabic; Arab
- sword; (fencing) saber
- pure gold
- to subdue; to check; to bring under control; (in former times) what one is allowed to wear depending on social status; uniform (army, party, school etc); livery (for company employees); CL:套[tao4]
- rough sketch (of a painting); (of an official) to approve a document by signing it
- to thank; to be grateful
- free; no charge; at no cost
- to donate; to contribute
- (idiom) to return sth to its rightful owner
- historical museum
- to honor; to commend; to cite (in dispatches)
- comrade; (slang) homosexual; CL:位[wei4]
- reference material (used in scholarly study)
- to offer; to present; to dedicate; to donate; to show; to put on display; worthy person (old)
- zeal; enthusiasm; ardor; enthusiastic; warmhearted
- treasury bond
- to emit light; to shine; to glow; to glisten; to be luminous
- to have a high temperature; feverish; unable to think calmly; to emit heat
- composition; ingredient; element; component; one's social status
- courage; daring; boldness; resolution; drive
- active supporter; political activist
- to join (e.g. union or alliance)
- every; various; separately, one by one