- in the years of; during those years; period (of dynasty or decade)
- each other; mutual
- Westerner; Occidental
- to serve as; to act as; to play the role of
- the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties
- government; official (approved or issued by an authority)
- to write an account (of events)
- rich; wealthy; affluent; to be rich in; to be replete with
- to be intensely proud of sth (idiom)
- disgrace; dishonor; to insult; to bring disgrace or humiliation to; to be indebted to; self-deprecating; Taiwan pr. [ru4]
- remorse; repentance
- destruction; damage; to wreck; to break; to destroy
- to ravage; to devastate; to trample on; to violate
- Versailles (near Paris); (slang) to humblebrag; ostensibly modest, but in fact boastful
- Republic of China
- to return sth; to revert
- to capture; to seize; to occupy by force
- powerless; lacking strength
- to invade; invasion
- to declare; to proclaim
- cannot; to fail to; unable to
- Communist Party of China
- to reach an agreement; to agree upon
- east and west; east to west
- worldview; world outlook; Weltanschauung
- (of a student) to start school; (of a semester) to begin; (old) to found a school; the start of a new term
- to walk into
- minefield (lit. and fig.)
- historiography
- contradiction; CL:個|个[ge4]; conflicting views; contradictory
- cannot help; unable to bear
- finally; in the end; when all is said and done; after all; to the end; to the last
- what are you doing?; what's he up to?
- (conjunction linking two nouns) and its ...; and their ...; and his ...; and her ...
- commonplace; ordinary; mediocre
- to commemorate; to honor the memory of; memento; keepsake; souvenir
- spontaneous
- to gather; assembly; meeting; CL:個|个[ge4],次[ci4]
- Tiananmen Square
- earthquake