- lapel; overlap of Chinese gown; fig. bosom (the seat of emotions); to cherish (ambition, desires, honorable intentions etc) in one's bosom
- to step into; to enter
- assembly hall; auditorium; CL:座[zuo4]
- meeting place; place where people gather; CL:個|个[ge4]
- everyone present; the whole audience; across-the-board; unanimously; whole duration (of a competition or match)
- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
- to award; commendation; citation
- to flourish; luxuriant growth
- animal hide; leather; to reform; to remove; to expel (from office)
- needless to say; it goes without saying
- self-study; to study on one's own
- profound
- palace; hall; temple buildings
- pre-Qin, Chinese history up to the foundation of the Qin imperial dynasty in 221 BC
- ancient history
- the Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
- whip or lash; to flog; to whip; conductor's baton; segmented iron weapon (old); penis (of animal, served as food)
- grain; food; provisions; agricultural tax paid in grain
- Hunan University
- to bring in; to call in; to transfer (a person, data); (computing) to call; to load (a subroutine etc)
- intellectual history
- history of philosophy
- to despise; to disdain; to look down upon
- scholastic attainments
- to affect adversely; to delay or hinder; to waste (an opportunity); to mislead
- lawsuit; CL:場|场[chang2]
- lit. the guest acts as host (idiom); fig. to turn from passive to active behavior
- to replace; to supersede; to supplant; (chemistry) substitution
- north; the northern part a country; China north of the Yellow River
- at first; devise; originate