- to cover; to shield; to screen; to conceal
- to fight at close quarters; to fight tooth and nail
- to grind; study; research
- intention; regard; kindly feelings
- the essentials
- mysticism
- to choose what is good and hold fast to it (idiom)
- willpower
- Western Zhou (1027-771 BC)
- energy; vitality; vigor; vital force
- competitive
- senior; of a senior generation; to honor; to respect; honorific; classifier for cannons and statues; ancient wine vessel
- Meiji Restoration (Japan, 1868)
- the Legalist school of political philosophy, which rose to prominence in the Warring States period (475–221 BC) (The Legalists believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong state control, and advocated for a system of rigidly applied punishments and rewards for specific behaviors.); a Legalist
- the Way of the Hegemon; abbr. for 霸王之道; despotic rule; rule by might; evil as opposed to the Way of the King 王道; overbearing; tyranny; (of liquor, medicine etc) strong; potent
- to return to old ways (a Confucian aspiration); to turn back the clock; neoclassical school during Tang and Song associated with classical writing 古文; retro (fashion style based on nostalgia, esp. for 1960s)
- 廉 lián: 廉 lian2: incorruptible; honest; inexpensive; to investigate (old); side wall of a traditional Chinese house (old)廉 Lián: 廉 Lian2: surname Lian
- to distinguish; to differentiate; to discern; to recognize; to tell
- to add; to increase; to replenish
- national humiliation, refers to Japanese incursions into China in the 1930s and 40s, and more especially to Mukden railway incident of 18th September 1931 九一八事變|九一八事变 and subsequent Japanese annexation of Manchuria
- bitter; painful; deeply distressed
- to have a sense of shame
- day-to-day; daily; everyday
- (of an atmosphere etc) solemn; grave; serious; (of a manner etc) earnest; severe; exacting; to strictly enforce
- to restructure; to reorganize; to revamp
- to merge together (idiom); to unify disparate elements into one whole
- to suffer hardship
- previously; formerly; once upon a time
- hero; towering figure
- different; distinct; unequal; variable
- crash; breakdown (of social values etc); burst; to crumble; to collapse
- reputation and integrity