- Empress Dowager Cixi or Ts'u Hsi (1835-1908), regent 1861-1908
- 朝 Cháo: 朝 Chao2: abbr. for 朝鮮|朝鲜[Chao2 xian3] Korea朝 zhāo: 朝 zhao1: morning朝 cháo: 朝 chao2: imperial or royal court; government; dynasty; reign of a sovereign or emperor; court or assembly held by a sovereign or emperor; to make a pilgrimage to; facing; towards
- unmanned; uninhabited
- to dare; daring; (polite) may I venture
- to provoke; to irritate; to vex; to stir up; to anger; to attract (troubles); to cause (problems)
- civil and military
- lit. to govern from behind the curtain; to rule in place of the emperor (idiom)
- not to be concerned; regardless of; no matter
- to shift (funds); to (legitimately) take funds set aside for one purpose in order to use them for another; to embezzle; to misappropriate
- military expenditure
- to establish; to found; to set up; to build; to construct
- Summer Palace in Beijing
- still (as before); had better; unexpectedly; or
- to provide assistance; to aid
- to clean; to clean up; to eliminate; to wipe out
- political opponent
- to agree to and sign (a treaty etc)
- to forfeit sovereignty and humiliate the country (idiom); to surrender territory under humiliating terms
- equal; equality
- treaty; pact; CL:個|个[ge4]
- 立 lì: 立 li4: to stand; to set up; to establish; to lay down; to draw up; at once; immediately立 Lì: 立 Li4: surname Li
- Puyi, personal name of the last Qing emperor (reigned as child 1909-1911), the subject of Bertolucci's biopic The Last Emperor
- (bound form) emperor; sovereign; supreme deity
- (in an expression of the form 起到[qi3 dao4] + … + 作用[zuo4 yong4]) to have (a (motivating etc) effect); to play (a (stabilizing etc) role)
- to act on; to affect; action; function; activity; impact; result; effect; purpose; intent; (suffix) -ation, -tion etc, as in 抑制作用[yi4 zhi4 zuo4 yong4], inhibition
- childhood
- out of the ordinary; exceedingly (good)
- group; crowd; flock, herd, pack etc
- youth; youthful years; young person; the young
- to work hard
- from within; therefrom
- elderly; old age; autumn of one's years
- (literary) to give; to accord; to render
- thorough and detailed; exhaustive; the tedious details in full
- (of skin etc) smooth; satiny; delicate; (of a performance, depiction, craftsmanship etc) finely detailed; subtle; exquisite; meticulous
- to describe; description
- ministry; department; section; part; division; troops; board; classifier for works of literature, films, machines etc
- first rate; top rank; number one
- to feel sad
- (fig.) history full of suffering; heart-rending story; CL:部[bu4]
- even more (so)
- (idiom) heart-stopping; hair-raising; breathtaking