- beforehand; in advance
- to benefit the people
- to be proficient in; to master (a subject)
- natural law; heavenly law; weather (dialect)
- civilized; civilization; culture; CL:個|个[ge4]
- motive; intention; to be diligent or attentive; careful
- farming; crops
- city; village
- to flee; to abscond; to owe
- to flee; to scuttle; to exile or banish; to amend or edit
- to grab hold of; to capture
- surplus grain
- severe; exacting
- less serious case; in less severe cases
- end of the year
- to diminish; to demote; to reduce or devaluate; to disparage; to censure; to depreciate
- more serious case; in extreme cases
- immediately
- to take over (from one another); to alternate; to replace; to relay
- to convene; to call together
- to compile; to edit
- issue for enforcement
- 姚 Yáo: 姚 Yao2: surname Yao姚 yáo: 姚 yao2: handsome; good-looking
- local official
- see 扶綏縣|扶绥县[Fu2 sui2 Xian4]
- outstanding; eminent; brilliant
- objective; impartial
- (in an expression of the form 起到[qi3 dao4] + … + 作用[zuo4 yong4]) to have (a (motivating etc) effect); to play (a (stabilizing etc) role)
- to make better; to improve
- (archaic) the common people
- to take care of oneself; to provide for oneself
- 牧 Mù: 牧 Mu4: surname Mu牧 mù: 牧 mu4: to herd; to breed livestock; to govern (old); government official (old)
- former residence
- Qin dynasty (221-207 BC), founded by the first emperor Qin Shihuang 秦始皇[Qin2 Shi3 huang2], the first dynasty to rule the whole of China
- title; appellation; form of address
- to rename
- Xu Shen (-147) the compiler of the original Han dynasty dictionary Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字|说文解字[Shuo1 wen2 Jie3 zi4]