- Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
- Wei (220-265) and Jin (265-420) dynasties
- 唐 Táng: 唐 Tang2: Tang dynasty (618–907); surname Tang唐 táng: 唐 tang2: to exaggerate; empty; in vain
- surname Song; the Song dynasty (960–1279); Song of the Southern Dynasties (420–479) 南朝宋[Nan2 chao2 Song4]
- 明 míng: 明 ming2: bright; opposite: dark 暗[an4]; (of meaning) clear; to understand; next; public or open; wise; generic term for a sacrifice to the gods明 Míng: 明 Ming2: Ming Dynasty (1368–1644); surname Ming; Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God
- 清 Qīng: 清 Qing1: Qing (Wade-Giles: Ch'ing) dynasty of China (1644–1911); surname Qing清 qīng: 清 qing1: (of water etc) clear; clean; quiet; still; pure; uncorrupted; clear; distinct; to clear; to settle (accounts)
- Republic of China (1912-1949); used in Taiwan as the name of the calendar era (e.g. 民國六十年|民国六十年 is 1971, the 60th year after 1911)
- the not-very-distant past; modern times, excluding recent decades; (in the context of Chinese history) the period from the Opium Wars until the May 4th Movement (mid-19th century to 1919); capitalist times (pre-1949)
- each; every
- scholar
- author; CL:個|个[ge4],位[wei4]
- 与 yǔ: 与 yu3: (formal) and; together with (linking parallel nouns, verbs, or phrases); (formal) with; from (marking the other participant in an interaction, comparison, or contrast, e.g. 與他握手|与他握手[yu3 ta1 wo4 shou3] "shake hands with him", 與去年不同|与去年不同[yu3 qu4 nian2 bu4 tong2] "different from last year"); (literary) to give; to grant; to bestow与 yù: 与 yu4: to take part in
- related; relevant; pertinent; to be interrelated; (statistics) correlation
- work (of art); opus; CL:部[bu4],篇[pian1]
- 钱 Qián: 钱 Qian2: surname Qian钱 qián: 钱 qian2: coin; money; CL:筆|笔[bi3]; unit of weight, one tenth of a tael 兩|两[liang3]
- 穆 Mù: 穆 Mu4: surname Mu穆 mù: 穆 mu4: solemn; reverent; calm; burial position in an ancestral tomb (old)
- 李 Lǐ: 李 Li3: surname Li李 lǐ: 李 li3: plum
- zero; nought; zero sign; fractional; fragmentary; odd (of numbers); (placed between two numbers to indicate a smaller quantity followed by a larger one); fraction; (in mathematics) remainder (after division); extra; to wither and fall; to wither
- Liang Shuming (1893-1988), modern philosopher and teacher in the neo-Confucian tradition
- 程 Chéng: 程 Cheng2: surname Cheng程 chéng: 程 cheng2: rule; order; regulations; formula; journey; procedure; sequence
- Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (1130-1200), also known as Master Zhu 朱子[Zhu1 zi3], Song dynasty Confucian writer and propagandist, founder of neo-Confucianism
- to wait for; to await; by the time; when; till; and so on; etc.; et al.; (bound form) class; rank; grade; (bound form) equal to; same as; (used to end an enumeration); (literary) (plural suffix attached to a personal pronoun or noun)
- to try to find; to look for; to call on sb; to find; to seek; to return; to give change
- local; this locality
- to gnaw; to nibble; to bite
- to come down; (completed action marker); (after verb of motion, indicates motion down and towards us, also fig.); (indicates continuation from the past towards us); to be harvested (of crops); to be over (of a period of time); to go among the masses (said of leaders)
- slowly; gradually
- Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔子[Kong3 zi3]
- appearance; facial features; look
- clear; distinct
- 起来 qǐ lai: 起来 qi3 lai5: to stand up; to get up; also pr. [qi3lai2]起来 qi lai: 起来 qi5 lai5: (after a verb) indicating the beginning and continuation of an action or a state; indicating an upward movement (e.g. after 站[zhan4]); indicating completion; (after a perception verb, e.g. 看[kan4]) expressing preliminary judgment; also pr. [qi3lai5]
- like that; in that way; to that extent; (before a number) ... or so; about ...; then; in that case
- firm; steady; staunch; resolute
- brave; courageous
- adorable; cute; lovely
- heart; innermost being; (math.) incenter
- 相 xiàng: 相 xiang4: appearance; portrait; picture; government minister; (physics) phase; (literary) to appraise (esp. by scrutinizing physical features); to read sb's fortune (by physiognomy, palmistry etc)相 xiāng: 相 xiang1: each other; one another; mutually; fret on the neck of a pipa 琵琶[pi2 pa5] (a fret on the soundboard is called a 品[pin3])相 Xiāng: 相 Xiang1: surname Xiang
- to conform (with); to echo; to correlate well; (linguistics) agreement
- no matter what or how; regardless of whether...
- how old are you? (familiar, or to a child)
- in (some place); to be in (adversity, a difficult situation, danger, turmoil etc); to find oneself in; placed in; surrounded by
- where?
- so long as; provided; if