- nature; character; property; quality; attribute; sexuality; sex; gender; suffix forming adjective from verb; suffix forming noun from adjective, corresponding to -ness or -ity; essence; CL:個|个[ge4]
- to describe; description
- down to; up to; to the extent that...
- pre-Qin, Chinese history up to the foundation of the Qin imperial dynasty in 221 BC
- ancient books or records
- to appear; to arise; to emerge; to show up
- almost; nearly; practically
- 都 Dū: 都 Du1: surname Du都 dōu: 都 dou1: all; both; entirely; (used for emphasis) even; already; (not) at all都 dū: 都 du1: capital city; metropolis
- to be a substitute for; to act on behalf of; to replace; to substitute; generation; dynasty; age; period; (historical) era; (geological) eon
- finger; to point at or to; to indicate or refer to; to depend on; to count on; (of hair) to stand on end
- apart from; besides; in addition to (used to exclude, as in 除了他，誰也沒來|除了他，谁也没来[chu2 le5 ta1 , shei2 ye3 mei2 lai2] "apart from him, nobody came", or to include, as in 除了英語，他也會法語|除了英语，他也会法语[chu2 le5 Ying1 yu3 , ta1 ye3 hui4 Fa3 yu3] "in addition to English, he also knows French"); (used to introduce one of two habitual alternatives in the pattern 除了[chu2 le5] + A + 就是[jiu4 shi4] + B, "either A or B")
- these
- nature; natural; naturally
- to form; to take shape
- outside; in addition; foreign; external
- at the same time; simultaneously
- 也 Yě: 也 Ye3: surname Ye也 yě: 也 ye3: also; too; as well; (not ...) either; (used after a verbal or nominal expression X to indicate that X is an extreme or unexpected case) even (X); (literary) particle having functions similar to 啊[a5]
- to write down; to record; written account
- some; a few; a little; (following an adjective) slightly ...er
- artificial; man-made; having human cause or origin; human attempt or effort
- as; as if; such as
- 陂 bēi: 陂 bei1: pool; pond; bank of a pond; mountain slope; Taiwan pr. [pi2]陂 pí: 陂 pi2: used in 黃陂|黄陂[Huang2 pi2] (the name of a place in Hubei)陂 pō: 陂 po1: rugged; uneven
- 渠 jù: 渠 ju4: how can it be that?渠 Qú: 渠 Qu2: surname Qu渠 qú: 渠 qu2: (artificial) stream; canal; drain; ditch (CL:條|条[tiao2]); (literary) big; great; (dialect) he; she; him; her; (old) rim of a carriage wheel; felloe
- ditch; gutter; groove; gully; ravine; CL:道[dao4]
- to wait for; to await; by the time; when; till; and so on; etc.; et al.; (bound form) class; rank; grade; (bound form) equal to; same as; (used to end an enumeration); (literary) (plural suffix attached to a personal pronoun or noun)
- so far; to this day; until now
- still; yet; to remain; (literary) frequently; often
- active; lively; excited; to enliven; to brighten up
- to exist; to be alive; (of sb or sth) to be (located) at; (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)
- each; every
- 种 zhòng: 种 zhong4: to plant; to grow; to cultivate种 zhǒng: 种 zhong3: seed; species; kind; type; classifier for types, kinds, sorts
- place name; toponym
- among; in the middle; in the center
- Zhengguo canal, a 150 km long irrigation canal in Shaanxi built in 264 BC
- to lead to; to trigger; to initiate; to cause; to evoke (emotions)
- Li Si (c. 280-208 BC), Legalist philosopher, calligrapher and prime minister of Qin kingdom and Qin dynasty from 246 to 208 BC
- to write; to compose
- 谏 Jiàn: 谏 Jian4: surname Jian谏 jiàn: 谏 jian4: to remonstrate; to admonish
- 书 Shū: 书 Shu1: abbr. for 書經|书经[Shu1 jing1]书 shū: 书 shu1: book; letter; document; CL:本[ben3],冊|册[ce4],部[bu4]; to write
- 白 Bái: 白 Bai2: surname Bai; Bai ethnic group白 bái: 白 bai2: white; snowy; pure; bright; empty; blank; plain; clear; to make clear; in vain; gratuitous; free of charge; reactionary; anti-communist; funeral; to stare coldly; to write wrong character; to state; to explain; vernacular; spoken lines in opera
- until
- century
- to display; to exhibit; to bring out implicit or innate qualities; to express (a thought or moral); to develop (an idea); to elaborate (on a theme)
- 它 tā: 它 ta1: it它 tā: 它 ta1: it (pronoun for an animal)
- one's conduct; deed; activity; accomplishment; achievement; to act as; as (in the capacity of); qua; to view as; to look upon (sth as); to take sth to be
- hydraulic engineering
- efficacy