- many; much; more; a lot of; too many; in excess; (after a numeral) ... odd; how (to what extent) (Taiwan pr. [duo2]); (bound form) multi-; poly-
- quilt; to cover (with); (literary) to suffer (a misfortune); used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb); (since c. 2009) (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes (as in 被旅遊|被旅游[bei4 lu : 3 you2] to "go on a trip")
- to kill; to slay; to murder; to attack; to weaken; to reduce; (dialect) to smart; (used after a verb) extremely
- large quantities of
- scholar
- to confine; to imprison; prohibition; shackles; fetters
- not to allow; must not; can't
- 奂 Huàn: 奂 Huan4: surname Huan奂 huàn: 奂 huan4: excellent
- see 敦煌市[Dun1 huang2 Shi4]
- deep springs
- correct; right; so; thus; like this; -ly
- 少 shǎo: 少 shao3: few; less; to lack; to be missing; to stop (doing sth); seldom少 shào: 少 shao4: young
- to learn; to study; to imitate; science; -ology
- two-character surname Ouyang
- 尚书 Shàng shū: 尚书 Shang4 shu1: same as 書經|书经[Shu1 jing1] Book of History尚书 shàng shū: 尚书 shang4 shu1: high official; government minister
- to be ambitious
- to grasp; to hold; to operate; to manage; to control; to steer; to exercise; to drill (practice); to play; to speak (a language)
- to taste; to try (food); to experience; (literary) ever; once
- a manly man; a man of character
- to conduct oneself in society
- country; nation; state
- to render meritorious service (one the three imperishables 三不朽[san1 bu4 xiu3]); to make worthy contributions; to distinguish oneself
- frontier; border
- 桓 huán: 桓 huan2: Chinese soapberry (Sapindus mukurossi); big; pillar (old)桓 Huán: 桓 Huan2: surname Huan
- to bow to; to pay one's respects; (bound form) to extend greetings (on a specific occasion); to make a courtesy call; (bound form) (of a monarch) to appoint sb to (a position) by performing a ceremony; to acknowledge sb as one's (master, godfather etc); (used before some verbs to indicate politeness)
- see 武威市[Wu3 wei1 Shi4]
- to move; to shift; to change (a position or location etc); to promote
- minister responsible for agriculture and state granaries in imperial China
- 转 zhuǎi: 转 zhuai3: see 轉文|转文[zhuai3 wen2]转 zhuǎn: 转 zhuan3: to turn; to change direction; to transfer; to forward (mail); (Internet) to share (sb else's content)转 zhuàn: 转 zhuan4: to revolve; to turn; to circle about; to walk about; classifier for revolutions (per minute etc): revs, rpm; classifier for repeated actions
- to protect
- Xiongnu, a people of the Eastern Steppe who created an empire that flourished around the time of the Qin and Han dynasties
- time and again; repeatedly; frequently
- 立 Lì: 立 Li4: surname Li立 lì: 立 li4: to stand; to set up; to establish; to lay down; to draw up; at once; immediately
- 边 bian: 边 bian5: suffix of a noun of locality边 biān: 边 bian1: side; edge; margin; border; boundary; CL:個|个[ge4]; simultaneously
- meritorious deed or service; achievement; result; service; accomplishment; work (physics)
- see 建寧縣|建宁县[Jian4 ning2 Xian4]
- first year of an emperor's reign; first year of an era; first year of a significant time period
- 窦 dòu: 窦 dou4: (literary) hole; aperture; (anatomy) cavity; sinus窦 Dòu: 窦 Dou4: surname Dou
- 武 Wǔ: 武 Wu3: surname Wu武 wǔ: 武 wu3: martial; military
- 陈 Chén: 陈 Chen2: surname Chen; Chen (c. 1045 – 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state; Chen (557–589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝[Nan2 Chao2]陈 chén: 陈 chen2: (bound form) to lay out; to exhibit; to display; (bound form) to narrate; to state; to explain; to tell; old; stale
- 蕃 fán: 蕃 fan2: luxuriant; flourishing; to reproduce; to proliferate蕃 bō: 蕃 bo1: see 吐蕃[Tu3 bo1]蕃 fān: 蕃 fan1: foreign (non-Chinese)
- to plan; to seek; scheme
- to put (a criminal) to death; to punish
- (bound form) to leak out; to discharge; (fig.) to divulge
- (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his; (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日[ta1 ri4] and 他人[ta1 ren2])
- to receive; to accept; to suffer; subjected to; to bear; to stand; pleasant; (passive marker); (LGBT) bottom
- false; fake; forged; bogus; (prefix) pseudo-; Taiwan pr. [wei4]
- (literary) to admonish; (bound form) imperial edict