- Lu, vassal state at the time of the Zhou Dynasty 周朝|周朝[Zhou1 chao2], located in the southwest of present-day Shandong 山東|山东[Shan1 dong1], birthplace of Confucius
- to set off; to start (on a journey)
- to use; to make use of; to employ; (coverb) with; using; to need; to have to (usu. used in the negative or in questions); usefulness; utility; (bound form) expense; outlay; (courteous) to eat; to drink; (literary) hence; therefore
- (concept of) time; (duration of) time; (point in) time
- to walk; to go; to run; to move (of vehicle); to visit; to leave; to go away; to die (euph.); from; through; away (in compound verbs, such as 撤走[che4 zou3]); to change (shape, form, meaning)
- 卫国 wèi gúo: 卫国 wei4 guo2: to defend one's country卫国 Wèi gúo: 卫国 Wei4 guo2: state of Wei (c. 1040-209 BC), vassal of Zhou
- 曹 cáo: 曹 cao2: class or grade; generation; plaintiff and defendant (old); government department (old)曹 Cáo: 曹 Cao2: surname Cao; Zhou Dynasty vassal state
- surname Song; the Song dynasty (960–1279); Song of the Southern Dynasties (420–479) 南朝宋[Nan2 chao2 Song4]
- Qi state of Western Zhou and the Warring states (1122-265 BC), centered in Shandong
- 郑 Zhèng: 郑 Zheng4: Zheng, a Zhou-dynasty state in the vicinity of present-day Xinzheng 新鄭|新郑[Xin1 zheng4], a county-level city in Henan; abbr. for Zhengzhou 鄭州|郑州[Zheng4 zhou1], the capital of Henan; surname Zheng郑 zhèng: 郑 zheng4: used in 鄭重|郑重[zheng4 zhong4]
- 陈 Chén: 陈 Chen2: surname Chen; Chen (c. 1045 – 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state; Chen (557–589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝[Nan2 Chao2]陈 chén: 陈 chen2: (bound form) to lay out; to exhibit; to display; (bound form) to narrate; to state; to explain; to tell; old; stale
- surname Cai
- 向 xiàng: 向 xiang4: towards; to face; to turn towards; direction; to support; to side with; shortly before; formerly; always; all along; (suffix) suitable for ...; oriented to ...向 Xiàng: 向 Xiang4: surname Xiang向 xiàng: 向 xiang4: to tend toward; to guide向 xiàng: 向 xiang4: direction; orientation; to face; to turn toward; to; towards; shortly before; formerly
- dukes or princes who rule a part of the country under the emperor; local rulers
- to preach; to explain publicly
- thought; thinking; idea; ideology; CL:個|个[ge4]
- to hope; a hope; a wish
- to travel around many countries (idiom); peregrinations; refers to the travels of Confucius
- family influential for generations; aristocratic family
- detailed; in detail; minute
- to write down; to record; written account
- to arrive; most; to; until
- (emperor of Xia dynasty); cruel
- to drown; to indulge; addicted to; to spoil (a child)
- 正 zhèng: 正 zheng4: straight; upright; proper; main; principal; to correct; to rectify; exactly; just (at that time); right (in that place); (math.) positive正 zhēng: 正 zheng1: first month of the lunar year
- (in) the same place; together; in company (with); altogether; in total; an instance of; a case of (murder, accident, dispute etc)
- to cultivate soil; to till fields
- road direction; (fig.) direction; path
- to ask for directions; to ask the way (to some place)
- to sneer at; to ridicule; to taunt
- 并 bìng: 并 bing4: and; furthermore; also; together with; (not) at all; simultaneously; to combine; to join; to merge并 bìng: 并 bing4: to combine; to amalgamate并 Bīng: 并 Bing1: short name for Taiyuan 太原[Tai4 yuan2]
- to advise; to urge; to try to persuade; to exhort; to console; to soothe
- to imitate; to follow the example of
- to shun the world
- 个 gě: 个 ge3: used in 自個兒|自个儿[zi4 ge3 r5]个 gè: 个 ge4: (classifier used before a noun that has no specific classifier); (bound form) individual
- arable land; to plow land
- Mozi (c. 470–391 BC), founder of the Mohist School 墨家[Mo4 jia1], which flourished during the Warring States period (475–220 BC)
- to speak; to explain; to negotiate; to emphasize; to be particular about; as far as sth is concerned; speech; lecture
- "universal love", principle advocated by Mozi 墨子[Mo4 zi3], stressing that people should care for everyone equally
- for; for the purpose of; in order to
- benefit; (in sb's) interest; CL:個|个[ge4]
- to spare no effort
- the Warring States period (475-221 BC)
- Mohist School of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), founded by the philosopher 墨子[Mo4 zi3]
- representative; delegate; CL:位[wei4],個|个[ge4],名[ming2]; to represent; to stand for; on behalf of; in the name of
- 曾 zēng: 曾 zeng1: great- (grandfather, grandchild etc)曾 céng: 曾 ceng2: once; already; ever (in the past); former; previously; (past tense marker used before verb or clause)曾 Zēng: 曾 Zeng1: surname Zeng
- theory; doctrine
- to advocate; to stand for; view; position; stand; proposition; viewpoint; assertion; CL:個|个[ge4]
- 非 Fēi: 非 Fei1: abbr. for 非洲[Fei1 zhou1], Africa非 fēi: 非 fei1: to not be; not; wrong; incorrect; non-; un-; in-; de-; to reproach; to blame; (coll.) to insist on; simply must