- sage; the Sage (i.e. Confucius); (old) (respectful way of addressing a monarch) your sagacious majesty; (religion) saint
- careful; cautious
- now; the present time; current; contemporary; this (day, year etc)
- 王 Wáng: 王 Wang2: surname Wang王 wáng: 王 wang2: king or monarch; best or strongest of its type; grand; great王 wàng: 王 wang4: (literary) (of a monarch) to reign over (a kingdom)
- 听 yǐn: 听 yin3: smile (archaic)听 tīng: 听 ting1: to listen to; to hear; to heed; to obey; a can (loanword from English "tin"); classifier for canned beverages; to let be; to allow (Taiwan pr. [ting4]); (literary) to administer; to deal with (Taiwan pr. [ting4])
- (literary) not; used in transliteration
- and; to reach; up to; in time for
- 比 bǐ: 比 bi3: to compare; (followed by a noun and adjective) more {adj.} than {noun}; ratio; to gesture; (Taiwan pr. [bi4] in some compounds derived from Classical Chinese)比 Bǐ: 比 Bi3: Belgium; Belgian; abbr. for 比利時|比利时[Bi3 li4 shi2]
- 度 dù: 度 du4: to pass; to spend (time); measure; limit; extent; degree of intensity; degree (angles, temperature etc); kilowatt-hour; classifier for events and occurrences度 dúo: 度 duo2: to estimate; Taiwan pr. [duo4]
- the sound of a bell
- can; may; possible; able to; not bad; pretty good
- to know; to be aware
- 和 hé: 和 he2: (joining two nouns) and; together with; with (Taiwan pr. [han4]); (math.) sum; to make peace; (sports) to draw; to tie; (bound form) harmonious; (bound form) Japan; Japanese和 húo: 和 huo2: to combine a powdery substance (flour, plaster etc) with water; Taiwan pr. [huo4]和 Hé: 和 He2: surname He和 hùo: 和 huo4: to mix (ingredients) together; to blend; classifier for rinses of clothes; classifier for boilings of medicinal herbs和 hú: 和 hu2: to complete a set in mahjong or playing cards和 hè: 和 he4: to compose a poem in reply (to sb's poem) using the same rhyme sequence; to join in the singing; to chime in with others
- system (e.g. political, adminstrative etc); institution; CL:個|个[ge4]
- 节 jiē: 节 jie1: see 節骨眼|节骨眼[jie1 gu5 yan3]节 jié: 节 jie2: joint; node; (bound form) section; segment; solar term (one of the 24 divisions of the year in the traditional Chinese calendar); seasonal festival; (bound form) to economize; to save; (bound form) moral integrity; chastity; classifier for segments: lessons, train wagons, biblical verses etc; knot (nautical miles per hour)
- no good; not good for; not beneficial
- and; as well as; and so; but (not); yet (not); (indicates causal relation); (indicates change of state); (indicates contrast)
- 鲜 xiǎn: 鲜 xian3: few; rare鲜 xiān: 鲜 xian1: fresh; bright (in color); delicious; tasty; delicacy; aquatic foods鲜 xiān: 鲜 xian1: fish
- 民 mín: 民 min2: (bound form) the people; inhabitants of a country民 Mín: 民 Min2: surname Min
- money; wealth; riches; property; valuables
- to annotate; to add a comment; explanatory note; annotation
- History of Song of the Southern Dynasties 南朝宋[Nan2 chao2 Song4] or Liu Song 劉宋|刘宋[Liu2 Song4], sixth of the 24 dynastic histories 二十四史[Er4 shi2 si4 Shi3], compiled by Shen Yue 沈約|沈约[Shen3 Yue1] in 488 during Liang of the Southern Dynasties 南朝梁[Nan2 chao2 Liang2], 100 scrolls; (not to be confused with 宋史[Song4 shi3])
- 志 zhì: 志 zhi4: aspiration; ambition; the will志 zhì: 志 zhi4: sign; mark; to record; to write a footnote
- (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ...; (after a noun) person involved in ...; -er; -ist; (used after a number or 後|后[hou4] or 前[qian2] to refer to sth mentioned previously); (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term); (old) (used at the end of a command); (old) this
- the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC
- worker; CL:個|个[ge4],名[ming2]
- actually; place; classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc; that which; particle introducing a relative clause or passive; CL:個|个[ge4]
- to make; to build; to manufacture; to invent; to fabricate; to go to; party (in a lawsuit or legal agreement); crop; classifier for crops
- 语 yù: 语 yu4: (literary) to tell; to let (sb) know语 yǔ: 语 yu3: dialect; language; speech
- 见 xiàn: 见 xian4: to appear; also written 現|现[xian4]见 jiàn: 见 jian4: to see; to meet; to appear (to be sth); to interview; opinion; view
- Shijing, the Book of Songs, early collection of Chinese poems and one of the Five Classics of Confucianism 五經|五经[Wu3 jing1]
- one of the three main divisions of the Book of Songs 詩經|诗经
- 白 Bái: 白 Bai2: surname Bai; Bai ethnic group白 bái: 白 bai2: white; snowy; pure; bright; empty; blank; plain; clear; to make clear; in vain; gratuitous; free of charge; reactionary; anti-communist; funeral; to stare coldly; to write wrong character; to state; to explain; vernacular; spoken lines in opera
- 华 huá: 华 hua2: magnificent; splendid; flowery华 Huá: 华 Hua2: abbr. for China华 Huà: 华 Hua4: Mount Hua 華山|华山[Hua4 Shan1] in Shaanxi; surname Hua华 huā: 华 hua1: flower
- positive (electric.); sun; male principle (Taoism); Yang, opposite: 陰|阴[yin1]
- goods; money; commodity; CL:個|个[ge4]
- this; these
- (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then; (bound form) standard; norm; (bound form) principle; (literary) to imitate; to follow; classifier for written items
- to record; to note; to memorize; to remember; mark; sign; classifier for blows, kicks, shots
- for further details, refer to
- Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature; Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject; Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government; Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC
- down; downwards; below; lower; later; next (week etc); second (of two parts); to decline; to go down; to arrive at (a decision, conclusion etc); measure word to show the frequency of an action
- 年 nián: 年 nian2: year; CL:個|个[ge4]年 Nián: 年 Nian2: surname Nian年 nián: 年 nian2: grain; harvest (old)
- front; forward; ahead; first; top (followed by a number); future; ago; before; BC (e.g. 前293年); former; formerly
- preparation; to prepare; to intend; to be about to; reserve (fund)
- 了 le: 了 le5: (completed action marker); (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now); (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)了 liǎo: 了 liao3: to finish; (used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4 bu5 liao3] "cannot forget"); (literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least了 liǎo: 了 liao3: (of eyes) bright; clear-sighted; to understand clearly