- the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
- 经 jīng: 经 jing1: classics; sacred book; scripture; to pass through; to undergo; to bear; to endure; warp (textile); longitude; menstruation; channel (TCM); abbr. for economics 經濟|经济[jing1 ji4]经 Jīng: 经 Jing1: surname Jing
- 师 shī: 师 shi1: teacher; master; expert; model; army division; (old) troops; to dispatch troops师 Shī: 师 Shi1: surname Shi
- 的 de: 的 de5: of; ~'s (possessive particle); (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun); (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis); (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的[pi2 ge2 de5] "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的|跑堂儿的[pao3 tang2 r5 de5] "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的[xin1 de5] "new one"); also pr. [di4] or [di5] in poetry and songs的 dī: 的 di1: a taxi; a cab (abbr. for 的士[di1 shi4])的 dí: 的 di2: really and truly的 dì: 的 di4: (bound form) bull's-eye; target
- 说法 shūo fǎ: 说法 shuo1 fa3: to expound Buddhist teachings说法 shūo fa: 说法 shuo1 fa5: way of speaking; wording; formulation; one's version (of events); statement; theory; hypothesis; interpretation
- besides; in addition; moreover; furthermore
- there still remain(s); there is (or are) still; in addition
- other; (sth or sb) else; the rest
- as; as if; such as
- Xunzi, (c. 310-237 BC), Confucian philosopher; the Xunzi, a collection of philosophical writings attributed to Xunzi
- 王 Wáng: 王 Wang2: surname Wang王 wáng: 王 wang2: king or monarch; best or strongest of its type; grand; great王 wàng: 王 wang4: (literary) (of a monarch) to reign over (a kingdom)
- hegemon; tyrant; lord; feudal chief; to rule by force; to usurp; (in modern advertising) master
- 以 yǐ: 以 yi3: to use; by means of; according to; in order to; because of; at (a certain date or place)以 Yǐ: 以 Yi3: abbr. for Israel 以色列[Yi3 se4 lie4]
- door; to close; whole
- 庐 lú: 庐 lu2: hut庐 Lú: 庐 Lu2: surname Lu; Luzhou or Lu Prefecture 廬州|庐州[Lu2 Zhou1], a prefecture between the 6th and 13th centuries in present-day Anhui; Mount Lu 廬山|庐山[Lu2 Shan1] in Jiangxi Province
- King Gou Jian of Yue (c. 470 BC), sometimes considered one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸
- the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period 春秋[Chun1 qiu1]
- 义 Yì: 义 Yi4: surname Yi; (Tw) Italy (abbr. for 義大利|义大利[Yi4 da4 li4])义 yì: 义 yi4: justice; righteousness; meaning; foster (father etc); adopted; artificial (tooth, limb etc); relationship; friendship
- 号 hào: 号 hao4: (literary) to call out; to command; (bound form) bugle; trumpet; (bound form) signal; bugle call (e.g. 起床號|起床号[qi3 chuang2 hao4]); (bound form) mark; sign; to mark; to label; to assign a number; (bound form) name; appellation (e.g. 國號|国号[guo2 hao4], 年號|年号[nian2 hao4], 遼寧號|辽宁号[Liao2 ning2 Hao4]); (after a numeral) number designation (e.g. 237號房間|237号房间[er4 san1 qi1 hao4 fang2 jian1] "Room 237"); day of the month (e.g. 七號|七号[qi1 hao4] "the 7th"); (bound form) size; type; category (e.g. 五號電池|五号电池[wu3 hao4 dian4 chi2]); (TCM) to feel (the pulse) (used in 號脈|号脉[hao4 mai4]); classifier for numbered people or items号 háo: 号 hao2: (bound form) to wail; to howl
- sheet; piece of writing; bound set of bamboo slips used for record keeping (old); classifier for written items: chapter, article
- 穆 Mù: 穆 Mu4: surname Mu穆 mù: 穆 mu4: solemn; reverent; calm; burial position in an ancestral tomb (old)
- one; single; a (article); as soon as; entire; whole; all; throughout; "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1); also pr. [yao1] for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit
- 作 zūo: 作 zuo1: (bound form) worker; (bound form) workshop; (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person)作 zùo: 作 zuo4: to do; to engage in; to write; to compose; to pretend; to feign; to regard as; to consider to be; to be; to act the part of; to feel (itchy, nauseous etc); writings; works
- 伯 bǎi: 伯 bai3: one hundred (old)伯 bó: 伯 bo2: father's elder brother; senior; paternal elder uncle; eldest of brothers; respectful form of address; Count, third of five orders of nobility 五等爵位[wu3 deng3 jue2 wei4]
- 通 tōng: 通 tong1: to go through; to know well; (suffix) expert; to connect; to communicate; open; to clear; classifier for letters, telegrams, phone calls etc通 tòng: 通 tong4: classifier for an activity, taken in its entirety (tirade of abuse, stint of music playing, bout of drinking etc)
- translated text
- Duke Huan of Qi (reigned 685-643 BC), one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸
- Duke Wen of Jin (697-628 BC, reigned 636-628 BC), one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸[Chun1 qiu1 Wu3 ba4]
- public; collectively owned; common; international (e.g. high seas, metric system, calendar); make public; fair; just; Duke, highest of five orders of nobility 五等爵位[wu3 deng3 jue2 wei4]; honorable (gentlemen); father-in-law; male (animal)
- Duke Xiang of Song (reigned 650-637 BC), sometimes considered one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸
- King Zhuang of Chu (reigned 613-591 BC), one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸
- cautious; careful; solemnly; sincerely (formal)
- to press; to push; to leave aside or shelve; to control; to restrain; to keep one's hand on; to check or refer to; according to; in the light of; (of an editor or author) to make a comment
- 传 chuán: 传 chuan2: to pass on; to spread; to transmit; to infect; to transfer; to circulate; to conduct (electricity)传 zhuàn: 传 zhuan4: biography; historical narrative; commentaries; relay station
- 夏 Xià: 夏 Xia4: the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC; Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407–432); surname Xia夏 xià: 夏 xia4: summer
- 后 Hòu: 后 Hou4: surname Hou后 hòu: 后 hou4: empress; queen; (archaic) monarch; ruler后 hòu: 后 hou4: back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later; post-
- see 太康縣|太康县[Tai4 kang1 Xian4]
- to amuse
- no; not so; (bound form) not; un-
- to follow; to adhere to; to abide by
- civil case; agricultural affairs; civil
- dukes or princes who rule a part of the country under the emperor; local rulers
- (bound form) to overstep one's authority
- 差 chā: 差 cha1: difference; discrepancy; (math.) difference (amount remaining after a subtraction); (literary) a little; somewhat; slightly差 chà: 差 cha4: different; wrong; mistaken; to fall short; to lack; not up to standard; inferior; Taiwan pr. [cha1]差 chāi: 差 chai1: to send (on an errand); (archaic) person sent on such an errand; job; official post差 cī: 差 ci1: used in 參差|参差[cen1 ci1]
- thereupon; as a result; consequently; thus; hence
- 昆 kūn: 昆 kun1: used in place names, notably Kunlun Mountains 崑崙|昆仑[Kun1 lun2]; (also used for transliteration)昆 kūn: 昆 kun1: descendant; elder brother; a style of Chinese poetry
- 吾 wú: 吾 wu2: (old) I; my吾 Wú: 吾 Wu2: surname Wu