- Dunhuang caves in Gansu; refers to Mogao caves 莫高石窟[Mo4 gao1 shi2 ku1]
- jade; jade and stone; (fig.) the good and the bad
- verdigris
- (of a contagious disease etc) to spread; to propagate; (of a style of clothing, song etc) popular; fashionable
- technique; method
- Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
- (diplomatic) envoy
- to learn (sth); to learn about
- Buddhist
- reincarnation (Buddhism)
- boundless; vast; hazy (distant horizon)
- lofty; towering; majestic
- lit. warp and weft in weaving; vertically and horizontal; length and breadth; criss-crossed; able to move unhindered; abbr. for 合縱連橫|合纵连横[He2 zong4 Lian2 heng2], School of Diplomacy during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC)
- to step across; step over
- alongside; shoulder to shoulder; side by side; abreast
- to rouse; to be woken by sth; to wake with a start; to sleep lightly
- uncultured; uncivilized; God-forsaken; ignorant; illiterate
- the distant past; ancient times; antiquity; early historical times
- god; deity
- after the war; postwar
- ancient country
- to write an account (of events)
- to know; to understand
- to lose (sth); to drop (sth); to feel a sense of loss; frustrated; disappointment; loss
- to infer; inference; corollary; reasoned conclusion
- primogenitor; founder of a school or trade
- priest
- to assist (usually a ruler)
- north; the northern part a country; China north of the Yellow River
- radiation
- to crawl; to creep; to lie prostrate
- territory
- ruler
- to appear; to emerge; to present (a certain appearance); to demonstrate
- see 篆書|篆书[zhuan4 shu1]
- day before yesterday