- to develop; to evolve
- arteries and veins; network of blood vessels; vascular system (of a plant or animal); (fig.) fabric (i.e. underlying structure, as in "social fabric"); overall context
- to set off; to start (on a journey)
- might (happen); possible; probable; possibility; probability; maybe; perhaps; CL:個|个[ge4]
- agreement; to agree; to get on with; congenial; agreeing with; to ally oneself with sb
- itself; in itself; per se
- inner; internal; intrinsic; innate
- (loanword) logic
- outside; in addition; foreign; external
- outer appearance; form; shape; formality; CL:個|个[ge4]
- mid- (e.g. mid-century); middle period
- how; what kind
- intergenerational; generational
- beforehand; first; earlier; at first; originally; for the time being; for now; (prefix) my late (in referring to deceased relatives older than oneself)
- scholar officials
- if; in case; in the event that
- to divide (into subgroups etc); to break down (into subcategories, subprocesses etc)
- dialect; language; spoken words; speech; talk; words; conversation; what sb said; CL:種|种[zhong3],席[xi2],句[ju4],口[kou3],番[fan1]
- can; may; possible; able to; not bad; pretty good
- different; distinct; not the same; not alike
- bureaucrat; bureaucracy; bureaucratic
- cultivated individual; scholar; literati
- to withdraw the mandate of heaven (and transition to a new dynasty) (original meaning); revolution; revolutionary; to revolt (against sb or sth); to revolutionize (sth); (separable verb sometimes used in the pattern 革noun的命); CL:次[ci4]
- to strive for self-improvement
- to move; to exercise; sports; exercise; motion; movement; campaign; CL:場|场[chang3]
- to transform; to change
- Zeng Guofan (1811-1872), Qing dynasty politician and military man
- Li Hung-chang or Li Hongzhang (1823-1901), Qing dynasty general, politician and diplomat
- Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885), Chinese administrator and military leader
- important minister; major figure in government
- tradition; traditional
- see 正路[zheng4 lu4]
- to be born of; to come from; family background; class origin
- scholarly honor (in imperial exams); rank; achievement; fame; glory
- basic; fundamental; main; elementary
- 地方 dì fāng: 地方 di4 fang1: region; regional (away from the central administration); local地方 dì fang: 地方 di4 fang5: place; location; area; space; territory; aspect; part; CL:處|处[chu4]
- (military) meritorious service
- outstanding; notable; remarkable; statistically significant
- to get; to obtain; to receive
- to promote to a higher job; to select for promotion
- Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子[Kong3 zi3] (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子[Meng4 zi3] (c. 372-c. 289 BC)
- texture; grain (of wood); inner essence; intrinsic order; reason; logic; truth; science; natural science (esp. physics); to manage; to pay attention to; to run (affairs); to handle; to put in order; to tidy up
- outside; excluding
- 重 chóng: 重 chong2: to repeat; repetition; again; re-; classifier: layer重 zhòng: 重 zhong4: heavy; serious; to attach importance to
- power; influence; potential; momentum; tendency; trend; situation; conditions; outward appearance; sign; gesture; male genitals