- 正统 Zhèng tǒng: 正统 Zheng4 tong3: Zhengtong Emperor, reign name of sixth Ming Emperor Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮|朱祁镇[Zhu1 Qi2 zhen4] (1427-1464), reigned 1435-1449, temple name Yingzong 英宗[Ying1 zong1]正统 zhèng tǒng: 正统 zheng4 tong3: orthodoxy; tradition; orthodox; traditional; principles of dynastic succession; (of an heir) legitimate
- 清流 qīng líu: 清流 qing1 liu2: clean flowing water; (fig.) (literary) honorable person, untainted by association with disreputable influences; scholars who (in former times) kept themselves aloof from the corrupting influence of those in power清流 Qīng líu: 清流 Qing1 liu2: see 清流縣|清流县[Qing1 liu2 Xian4]
- clear-headed; sober; awake
- flexible; nimble; agile
- to apply in practice; practical; functional; pragmatic; applied (science)
- the classics; scriptures; classical; classic (example, case etc); typical
- 陈 Chén: 陈 Chen2: surname Chen; Chen (c. 1045 – 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state; Chen (557–589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝[Nan2 Chao2]陈 chén: 陈 chen2: (bound form) to lay out; to exhibit; to display; (bound form) to narrate; to state; to explain; to tell; old; stale
- 义 Yì: 义 Yi4: surname Yi; (Tw) Italy (abbr. for 義大利|义大利[Yi4 da4 li4])义 yì: 义 yi4: justice; righteousness; meaning; foster (father etc); adopted; artificial (tooth, limb etc); relationship; friendship
- the final years of the Qing dynasty 清朝[Qing1 chao2]; late Qing
- core; nucleus; backbone
- (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的[de5]); him; her; it
- contemporary
- court; imperial household; dynasty
- center; hub; the central administration
- equivalent to either 是[shi4] or 就是[jiu4 shi4]
- 清 Qīng: 清 Qing1: Qing (Wade-Giles: Ch'ing) dynasty of China (1644–1911); surname Qing清 qīng: 清 qing1: (of water etc) clear; clean; quiet; still; pure; uncorrupted; clear; distinct; to clear; to settle (accounts)
- tributary (stream); (fig.) school (of thought); genre; style
- to strongly defend one's position; to be entrenched; to cling to
- doctrine (esp. religious); argumentation (in a speech or essay)
- to flaunt; to advertise; to parade; boost; excessive praise
- reputation and integrity
- to keep; to maintain; to preserve
- 论 Lún: 论 Lun2: abbr. for 論語|论语[Lun2 yu3], The Analects (of Confucius)论 lùn: 论 lun4: opinion; view; theory; doctrine; to discuss; to talk about; to regard; to consider; per; by the (kilometer, hour etc)
- utility
- whatever; no matter what (who, how etc); regardless of; not to discuss
- moral integrity; unflinching righteousness
- foreign affairs (in Qing times); foreign learning
- turbid flow; muddy waters; fig. a contemptible person; fig. corrupt or disgraceful social trends
- the reformist party
- because; owing to; on account of
- emperor; government; official
- system; organization
- (idiom) intricately interconnected
- connection; contact; relation; to get in touch with; to integrate; to link; to touch
- thus; consequently; as a result
- to pay attention to; to emphasize
- 保 Bǎo: 保 Bao3: Bulgaria (abbr. for 保加利亞|保加利亚[Bao3 jia1 li4 ya4])保 bǎo: 保 bao3: to defend; to protect; to keep; to guarantee; to ensure; (old) civil administration unit in the baojia 保甲[bao3 jia3] system
- to strive for; to vie for; to argue or debate; deficient or lacking (dialect); how or what (literary)
- Kang Youwei (1858-1927), Confucian intellectual, educator and would-be reformer, main leader of the failed reform movement of 1898
- Confucian orthodoxy
- Yan Fu (1853-1921), influential Chinese writer and translator of Western books, esp. on social sciences
- Liang Qichao (1873-1929), influential journalist and a leader of the failed reform movement of 1898
- the Chinese nation; the Chinese people (collective reference to all the ethnic groups in China)
- Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909), prominent politician in late Qing