- to farm; to cultivate the land; to work in the fields
- cautious; careful; solemnly; sincerely (formal)
- to press; to push; to leave aside or shelve; to control; to restrain; to keep one's hand on; to check or refer to; according to; in the light of; (of an editor or author) to make a comment
- canon; law; standard work of scholarship; literary quotation or allusion; ceremony; to be in charge of; to mortgage or pawn
- already; since; both... (and...)
- 立 Lì: 立 Li4: surname Li立 lì: 立 li4: to stand; to set up; to establish; to lay down; to draw up; at once; immediately
- millet; God of cereals worshiped by ancient rulers; minister of agriculture
- (once) again; also; both... and...; and yet; (used for emphasis) anyway
- beforehand; first; earlier; at first; originally; for the time being; for now; (prefix) my late (in referring to deceased relatives older than oneself)
- 无为 Wú wéi: 无为 Wu2 wei2: see 無為市|无为市[Wu2 wei2 Shi4]无为 wú wéi: 无为 wu2 wei2: the Daoist doctrine of inaction; let things take their own course; laissez-faire
- 复 fù: 复 fu4: to go and return; to return; to resume; to return to a normal or original state; to repeat; again; to recover; to restore; to turn over; to reply; to answer; to reply to a letter; to retaliate; to carry out复 fù: 复 fu4: to repeat; to double; to overlap; complex (not simple); compound; composite; double; diplo-; duplicate; overlapping; to duplicate复 fù: 复 fu4: to reply to a letter
- 左 zǔo: 左 zuo3: left; the Left (politics); east; unorthodox; queer; wrong; differing; opposite左 Zǔo: 左 Zuo3: surname Zuo
- general of the household, a mid-ranking military officer responsible for palace or court duties
- 贾 Jiǎ: 贾 Jia3: surname Jia贾 gǔ: 贾 gu3: merchant; to buy
- crossroads; thoroughfare
- to think; to believe (often with the implication that the belief is mistaken – unless referring to one's own current belief)
- 神 Shén: 神 Shen2: God神 shén: 神 shen2: god; deity; supernatural; magical; mysterious; spirit; mind; energy; lively; expressive; look; expression; (coll.) awesome; amazing
- happening; instance; reason; cause; intentional; former; old; friend; therefore; hence; (of people) to die, dead
- 5th earthly branch: 7-9 a.m., 3rd solar month (5th April-4th May), year of the Dragon; ancient Chinese compass point: 120°
- 为 wéi: 为 wei2: as (in the capacity of); to take sth as; to act as; to serve as; to behave as; to become; to be; to do; by (in the passive voice)为 wèi: 为 wei4: because of; for; to
- 金 Jīn: 金 Jin1: surname Jin; surname Kim (Korean); Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234)金 jīn: 金 jin1: gold; chemical element Au; generic term for lustrous and ductile metals; money; golden; highly respected; one of the eight categories of ancient musical instruments 八音[ba1 yin1]
- victory; success; to beat; to defeat; to surpass; victorious; superior to; to get the better of; better than; surpassing; superb (of vista); beautiful (scenery); wonderful (view); (Taiwan pr. [sheng1]) able to bear; equal to (a task)
- 木 mù: 木 mu4: (bound form) tree; (bound form) wood; unresponsive; numb; wooden木 Mù: 木 Mu4: surname Mu
- 土 Tǔ: 土 Tu3: surname Tu; Tu ethnic group土 tǔ: 土 tu3: earth; dust; clay; local; indigenous; crude opium; unsophisticated; one of the eight categories of ancient musical instruments 八音[ba1 yin1]
- 相 xiāng: 相 xiang1: each other; one another; mutually; fret on the neck of a pipa 琵琶[pi2 pa5] (a fret on the soundboard is called a 品[pin3])相 xiàng: 相 xiang4: appearance; portrait; picture; government minister; (physics) phase; (literary) to appraise (esp. by scrutinizing physical features); to read sb's fortune (by physiognomy, palmistry etc)相 Xiāng: 相 Xiang1: surname Xiang
- letter; symbol; character; word; CL:個|个[ge4]; courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China
- 景 jǐng: 景 jing3: (bound form) scenery; circumstance; situation; scene (of a play); (literary) sunlight景 Jǐng: 景 Jing3: surname Jing
- 伯 bó: 伯 bo2: father's elder brother; senior; paternal elder uncle; eldest of brothers; respectful form of address; Count, third of five orders of nobility 五等爵位[wu3 deng3 jue2 wei4]伯 bǎi: 伯 bai3: one hundred (old)
- Jia Yi (200-168 BC), Chinese poet and statesman of the Western Han Dynasty
- nine; 9
- to be proficient in; to master (a subject)
- old language; the Classics; Classical Chinese as a literary model, esp. in Tang and Song prose; Classical Chinese as a school subject
- 尚书 shàng shū: 尚书 shang4 shu1: high official; government minister尚书 Shàng shū: 尚书 Shang4 shu1: same as 書經|书经[Shu1 jing1] Book of History
- Zuo Zhuan or Tsochuan, Mr Zuo's Annals or Mr Zuo's commentary on 春秋[Chun1 qiu1], early history c. 400 BC attributed to famous blind historian Zuo Qiuming 左丘明[Zuo3 Qiu1 ming2]
- to wait for; to await; by the time; when; till; and so on; etc.; et al.; (bound form) class; rank; grade; (bound form) equal to; same as; (used to end an enumeration); (literary) (plural suffix attached to a personal pronoun or noun)
- study of the Confucian classics
- Former Han dynasty school of Confucian scholars
- 春秋 Chūn qīu: 春秋 Chun1 qiu1: Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC); Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC)春秋 chūn qīu: 春秋 chun1 qiu1: spring and autumn; four seasons; year; a person's age; annals (used in book titles)
- grain; corn
- 梁 Liáng: 梁 Liang2: Liang Dynasty (502–557); Later Liang Dynasty (907–923); surname Liang梁 liáng: 梁 liang2: roof beam; beam (structure); bridge
- 传 chuán: 传 chuan2: to pass on; to spread; to transmit; to infect; to transfer; to circulate; to conduct (electricity)传 zhuàn: 传 zhuan4: biography; historical narrative; commentaries; relay station
- 章 Zhāng: 章 Zhang1: surname Zhang章 zhāng: 章 zhang1: chapter; section; clause; movement (of symphony); seal; badge; regulation; order
- (bound form) emperor; sovereign; supreme deity
- 时 shí: 时 shi2: o'clock; time; when; hour; season; period时 Shí: 时 Shi2: surname Shi
- reign name of Qing emperor (1861-1875)
- 李 Lǐ: 李 Li3: surname Li李 lǐ: 李 li3: plum
- to have children; to raise or bring up; to educate