- namely; that is; i.e.; prompt; at once; at present; even if; prompted (by the occasion); to approach; to come into contact; to assume (office); to draw near
- Xunzi, (c. 310-237 BC), Confucian philosopher; the Xunzi, a collection of philosophical writings attributed to Xunzi
- name; noun (part of speech); place (e.g. among winners); famous; classifier for people
- Han Chinese person or people
- to avoid; to shun; to flee; to escape; to keep away from; to leave; to hide from
- (bound form) emperor; sovereign; supreme deity
- to avoid mentioning; taboo word; name of deceased emperor or superior
- to change a name; to rename
- the Warring States period (475-221 BC)
- Zhao, one of the seven states during the Warring States Period of Chinese history (475-220 BC)
- 曾 Zēng: 曾 Zeng1: surname Zeng曾 céng: 曾 ceng2: once; already; ever (in the past); former; previously; (past tense marker used before verb or clause)曾 zēng: 曾 zeng1: great- (grandfather, grandchild etc)
- 后 hòu: 后 hou4: empress; queen; (archaic) monarch; ruler后 Hòu: 后 Hou4: surname Hou后 hòu: 后 hou4: back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later; post-
- to exist; to be alive; (of sb or sth) to be (located) at; (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)
- Han Fei, also known as Han Feizi 韓非子|韩非子[Han2 Fei1 zi3] (c. 280-233 BC), Legalist philosopher of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC)
- Li Si (c. 280-208 BC), Legalist philosopher, calligrapher and prime minister of Qin kingdom and Qin dynasty from 246 to 208 BC
- 都 Dū: 都 Du1: surname Du都 dōu: 都 dou1: all; both; entirely; (used for emphasis) even; already; (not) at all都 dū: 都 du1: capital city; metropolis
- student; schoolchild
- to write; literary work; book; article; writings; CL:部[bu4]
- Qi state of Western Zhou and the Warring states (1122-265 BC), centered in Shandong
- capital city
- see 臨淄區|临淄区[Lin2 zi1 Qu1]
- millet; God of cereals worshiped by ancient rulers; minister of agriculture
- 门 Mén: 门 Men2: surname Men门 mén: 门 men2: gate; door; doorway; gateway; opening (CL:扇[shan4]); valve; switch; other door-like or gate-like structure; way to do sth; knack; method; approach; family; household; lineage; (bound form) sect; school; faction (religious or academic); (bound form) class; category; division; phylum; classifier for courses, fields of study, branches of technology, relatives by marriage, guns etc; (suffix) -gate (scandal)
- nearby; neighboring; (in the) vicinity (of); neighborhood
- region; area (informal or geographical term); prefecture (in China's administrative system)
- this; these
- to establish; to found; to set up; to build; to construct
- to attract (customers); to drum up (trade)
- literature
- to lobby; to campaign; to promote (an idea, a product); (old) to visit various rulers and promote one's political ideas (in the Warring States period)
- 士 shì: 士 shi4: member of the senior ministerial class (old); scholar (old); bachelor; honorific; soldier; noncommissioned officer; specialist worker士 Shì: 士 Shi4: surname Shi
- 任 rèn: 任 ren4: to assign; to appoint; to take up a post; office; responsibility; to let; to allow; to give free rein to; no matter (how, what etc); classifier for terms served in office, or for spouses, girlfriends etc (as in 前任男友)任 Rén: 任 Ren2: surname Ren
- to lecture (on branch of learning)
- to comment; to talk about; to discuss; discussion; CL:個|个[ge4]
- 驺 Zōu: 驺 Zou1: surname Zou驺 zōu: 驺 zou1: groom or chariot driver employed by a noble (old)
- to spread out; to develop; to overflow; to amplify; superfluous
- to receive; to answer (the phone); to meet or welcome sb; to connect; to catch; to join; to extend; to take one's turn on duty; to take over for sb
- 子 zi: 子 zi5: noun suffix, as in 椅子[yi3 zi5] "chair"子 zǐ: 子 zi3: son; child; seed; egg; small thing; 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat; viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位[wu3 deng3 jue2 wei4]; ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north); subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
- surname Song; the Song dynasty (960–1279); Song of the Southern Dynasties (420–479) 南朝宋[Nan2 chao2 Song4]
- long-necked wine flask
- 尹 Yǐn: 尹 Yin3: surname Yin尹 yǐn: 尹 yin3: (literary) to administer; to govern; (bound form) governor; prefect; magistrate (official title in imperial times)
- 文 wén: 文 wen2: language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle; (old) classifier for coins; Kangxi radical 67文 Wén: 文 Wen2: surname Wen
- 荀 Xún: 荀 Xun2: surname Xun荀 xún: 荀 xun2: (archaic) name of a plant mentioned in ancient texts; name of a state that existed during the Zhou dynasty in present-day Shanxi
- to wait for; to await; by the time; when; till; and so on; etc.; et al.; (bound form) class; rank; grade; (bound form) equal to; same as; (used to end an enumeration); (literary) (plural suffix attached to a personal pronoun or noun)